When

August 10-14, 2026

Daily from 5:00 to 6:30 p.m. (90 minutes).

Where

CTU Dejvice, Prague

Faculty of Civil Engineering. Workshop room: C206.

Workshop concluded

Thank you for joining us

We thank all speakers and participants.

Invited Speaker

We are pleased to announce Dr. Merel Scholman (Utrecht University) as our invited speaker.

From annotation reliability to interpretive diversity: Rethinking ground truth in discourse research

Abstract

Human disagreement in annotation has traditionally been viewed as a challenge to overcome: a consequence of unclear annotation schemes, insufficient training, or imperfect data. In discourse research, however, variation in annotation has long raised a deeper question: to what extent does disagreement reflect limitations of our methods, and to what extent does it reveal something fundamental about the nature of discourse interpretation?

In this talk, I will trace the shift from seeking annotation reliability towards recognising interpretive diversity in discourse research. Drawing on a decade of work on the annotation and interpretation of explicit and implicit discourse relations, I will discuss how variation emerges, how annotation design shapes the patterns we observe, and why collapsing multiple interpretations into a single gold label can obscure important properties of discourse meaning. I will argue that human label variation should not only be viewed as a challenge for annotation and modelling, but also as an opportunity to develop richer accounts of how language users construct meaning.

Program

Workshop Schedule

All sessions take place from 5:00 to 6:30 p.m. (17:00-18:30). The names below identify the scheduled presenters rather than the complete author lists.

Monday

August 10

HLV and discourse structure

Opening session

Massimo Poesio and Manfred Stede

Slides I Slides II

Merel Scholman Invited speaker

Long talk

Utrecht University

From annotation reliability to interpretive diversity: Rethinking ground truth in discourse research

Slides

Geraldine Baumann

Short talk

Ruhr University Bochum

Variability in Annotations of Questions under Discussion

Slides

Tuesday

August 11

Sources and structures of annotation variation

Šárka Zikánová

Long talk

Charles University (Prague)

Disagreement in Corpus Annotation and Variation in Human Understanding of Text

Slides

Valentina Tretti Beckles

Short talk

University of Konstanz

Multilevel Human Label Variation in Spanish Appraisal Annotation: A Case Study on YouTube Comments

Slides

Wednesday

August 12

Reference, perspective, and grounding

Derya Çokal

Long talk

University of Cologne

Plural Pronouns Under Uncertainty: A Multi-Method Investigation of Underspecification and Resolution

Slides

Nan Li

Long talk

Utrecht University

Personal Interpretations as Pragmatic Label Variation: Perspectivist Grounding Annotation and (V)LLM Evaluation

Slides

Thursday

August 13

Implicit discourse relations: annotation and modelling

Pavlína Synková

Short talk

Charles University (Prague)

Analysing IAA for implicit discourse relations in PDT-C 2.0

Slides

Daniil Ignatev

Long talk

Utrecht University

Disagreement in Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition

Slides

Friday

August 14

Interpretive plurality in political discourse and HLV in discourse segmentation

Karolina Zaczynska

Long talk

University of Potsdam / University of Mannheim

Human Label Variation in Ideological Coherence Judgements of Political Speech

Slides

Maximilian Krupop

Short talk

University of Potsdam

What Counts as a Discourse Unit? Towards Drawing the Boundary between Annotation Error and Human Label Variation

Slides

Closing session

Massimo Poesio and Manfred Stede

Slides I Slides II

Long talks include 30 minutes for the presentation and 10 minutes for questions. Short talks include 15 minutes for the presentation and 10 minutes for questions.

About

Workshop Focus

Over the past 20 years, the NLP community has given steadily-increasing attention to the idea of regarding human annotation disagreement not as a nuisance but as a potential asset that can be exploited for understanding the respective task better. In practice, this means that multiple annotations are not just adjudicated or averaged (and the individual annotations then thrown away) but taken as a spectrum that constitutes a "complex ground truth", for instance in the form of probability distributions over labels attached to items.

While some of the pioneering work on appreciating human label variation (HLV) came from research in discourse tasks such as anaphoric reference and discourse structure, the great majority of the recent work in the HLV community has concentrated on tasks in which variation arises from subjective differences, such as humour or offensive language detection, whereas the study of variation in pragmatics and discourse has seen relatively little progress. This is on the one hand surprising - pragmatics and discourse are highly prone to interesting variation in human judgement - but may well be an effect of the relative complexity of the annotation tasks, which make treatments of HLV difficult.

In this workshop, we aim to bring together experts on HLV and on discourse phenomena, and to identify ways forward. We welcome contributions on the topics listed below (the list is not meant to be exhaustive).

Scope

Topics of Interest

  • Discourse phenomena that can benefit from incorporating HLV
  • Technical approaches to handling HLV (ideally with an eye on discourse):
    • Soft-label vs. perspectivist approaches
    • Implementation of machine learning regimes that handle HLV
    • Evaluation of both automatic and manual annotation in the face of HLV
    • Underspecification in representation formalism
  • Case studies

Contributions do not need to be limited to discourse or pragmatics narrowly understood. We are also interested in broader work on variation that can inform research on discourse-level and pragmatic phenomena.

Submissions

Submission Information

Submissions are now closed. Notifications of acceptance have been sent, and we thank everyone who submitted an abstract. We look forward to the accepted contributions and the discussions at the workshop.

We primarily aim to promote participation and active discussion, and no proceedings will be published. Therefore, workshop submissions are not limited to unpublished work.

The call invited proposals for long (30 min. + discussion), short (15 min. + discussion), and poster presentations.

Subject to discussion at the end of the workshop, we envisage the possibility of a follow-up publication in the form of a journal special issue (with a new call for papers and reviewing process).

Schedule

Important Dates

Abstract submission deadline

April 24, 2026

Notification of acceptance

May 8, 2026

Workshop dates

August 10-14, 2026

The workshop meets in the final ESSLLI time slot each day, from 5:00 to 6:30 p.m.

Contact

Organizers and Contact

Workshop Contact

hlvdp@proton.me

Please use this address for questions related to the workshop.

Massimo Poesio

Utrecht University and Queen Mary University of London

m.poesio@uu.nl